Prevention Of Ear Infections

The following tips can reduce the risk of developing ear infections:

Prevent colds and other illnesses. Teach your child to wash hands often and teach your children not to share eating utensils and drinking. If possible, limit the time your child spends in care group. A warning to children with fewer children can help.

Avoid secondhand smoke. Make sure no one smokes in your home. Away from home, staying smoke-free.

Breastfeeding your baby. If possible, breastfeed your baby for at least six months. Breast milk contains antibodies that provide protection against otitis media.

If bottle feeding, keep the baby in an upright position. Avoid bottle propping up the baby's mouth when he is lying.

Talk to your doctor about vaccinations. Ask your doctor what vaccinations are appropriate for the child. Seasonal influenza vaccine and pneumococcal vaccines can help prevent ear infections.

Treatment Of Ear Infections

Most ear infections do not require treatment with antibiotics. What is the best for your child depends on many factors, including your child's age and severity of symptoms.

A wait and see

Symptoms of ear infection usually improves with the first two days, and most infections go away by themselves within a week or two without treatment. The American Academy of Pediatrics and the American Academy of Family Physicians recommend that you wait and see 48 to 72 hours for anyone who is healthy and that is:

Six months to 2 years with mild symptoms and an uncertain diagnosis

More than 2 years old mild symptoms or diagnosis uncertain

The treatment of pain

Your doctor will advise you on treatments to reduce the pain of ear infection. These may include:

A warm compress. Place a damp towel and warm in the affected ear can reduce pain.

Pain medication. Your doctor may advise the use of over-the-counter acetaminophen (Tylenol, others) or ibuprofen (Motrin, Advil, others) to relieve pain. The use of medications as directed on the label. Because aspirin has been associated with Reye's syndrome, use caution when giving aspirin to children or adolescents. Although aspirin is approved for use in children over 2 years, children and adolescents recovering from chickenpox or flu symptoms should not take aspirin. Talk to your doctor if you have any concerns.

Ear drops. Ear drops, such as antipyrine, benzocaine (Aurodex) can provide additional pain relief. To administer the drops to his son, warm the bottle by placing it in hot water. Place the recommended dose in the ear of your child while he or she is on a flat surface with the affected ear upward. Benzocaine has been linked to a rare but serious or life-threatening decreases the amount of oxygen that blood can carry. Do not use in children under 2 years benzocaine without supervision of a health care professional, because this age group was most affected. If you are an adult, never use more than the recommended dose of benzocaine and the chance to talk with your doctor.

Antibiotic treatment

Your doctor may recommend antibiotic treatment for an ear infection in the following situations:

Children under 6 months with a probable diagnosis of ear infection

Children aged 6 months to 2 years with an accurate diagnosis of ear infection

Anyone with an ear infection and likely moderate to severe pain in the ears

Anyone who is likely ear infection and fever over 102.2 F (39 C) or higher

Even when symptoms have improved, be sure to use all the antibiotic pills as directed. Failure to do so can lead to recurrent infections and bacterial resistance to antibiotics. Talk to your doctor or pharmacist what to do if you accidentally miss doses.

Ear tubes

If your child has otitis media with effusion - fluid in the ear after the infection has cleared or the persistent absence of any infection - your doctor may recommend a procedure to drain fluid from the middle ear.

During an outpatient surgical procedure called a myringotomy, a surgeon creates a small hole in the eardrum that allows the aspiration of middle ear fluid. A small tube is placed outdoors to help ventilate the middle ear and prevent the accumulation of more liquid. Some tubes are designed to stay in place for six months to a year and then fall out on their own. Other tubes are designed to stay longer and may need to be surgically removed.

Tympanic membrane is closed again after the tube is dropped or removed.

Treatment of chronic suppurative otitis media

Chronic infection, which causes the perforation of the eardrum - a chronic suppurative otitis media - is difficult to treat. It 'is often treated with antibiotics is given as drops. For instructions, suction fluids from the ear canal prior to administration of drops.

Surveillance

Children with frequent or constant infections or persistent middle ear fluid should be carefully monitored. Talk to your doctor about how often you should schedule a follow-up appointments. Your doctor may recommend normal hearing, and language tests.

Symptoms Of Ear Infections

The onset of symptoms and inflammation of the ear is usually rapid.

Children

Signs and symptoms are common in children:

Ear pain, especially when lying down

Dragging or pulling the ear

Sleep disorders

Crying more than usual

Act more irritable than usual

Inability to hear or respond to sounds

Loss of balance

Headaches

Fever 100 F (38 C) or higher

Drainage of ear fluid

Loss of appetite

Vomit

Diarrhea

Adults

The most common symptoms in adults are:

Earache

Drainage of ear fluid

Decreased hearing

Sore throat

When to see a doctor

Signs and symptoms of ear infection may show a variety of conditions. It 'important to obtain an accurate diagnosis and prompt treatment. Call your child's doctor if:

Symptoms last more than a day

Ear pain is a serious

Your child or the child is irritable and sleepless, or after a cold or upper respiratory tract infection

You will notice the exhaust fluid, pus or bloody discharge from the ear

An adult with ear pain or discharge should consult a doctor as soon as possible.

Causes Of Ear Infections

An ear infection is caused by bacteria or a virus in the middle ear. This infection often leads to other illnesses - colds, flu or allergy - causing congestion and sore throat, nasal passages and eustachian tubes.

Role Eustachian tube

Eustachian tubes are a pair of narrow tubes as the beginning of each ear Average high back of the throat behind the nose. The end of the throat opening and closing of tubes:

To adjust the air pressure in the middle ear

Cool air in the ear

Drain the normal secretions of the middle ear

Swelling, inflammation and mucus in the upper respiratory tract infections Eustachian tube or allergy can block them, causing the accumulation of fluid in the middle ear. Bacterial or viral infection, this fluid is usually what produces symptoms of ear infection.

Ear infections are more common in children, in part because their eustachian tubes are narrower and more horizontal - the factors that make them difficult to drain, and is likely to become clogged.

Role of polyps

The adenoids are two small pads of tissue high on the back of the throat appears to play a role in immune system activity. This feature can be particularly vulnerable to infection and inflammation.

Since the adenoids are located near the opening of the eustachian tube, inflammation or enlargement of the adenoids can block the fallopian tubes, which contributes to infection of the middle ear. Inflammation of the vegetation is likely to play a role in ear infections in children because children are more active and adenoids relatively large.

Conditions related

Conditions of the middle ear, which can be linked to ear infections or lead to problems similar middle ear are:

Otitis media with effusion is inflammation and fluid accumulation (effusion) in the middle ear without a bacterial or viral. This can occur due to accumulation of fluid persists even after an ear infection has cleared. You can also occur due to malfunction or blockage of noninfectious the fallopian tube.

Chronic suppurative otitis media is a persistent infection in the ear that the results of tear or perforation of the eardrum.

Ear Infections

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Ear infection (acute otitis media) is often a bacterial or viral infection that affects the middle ear, the air filled space behind the eardrum, which vibrates contain small bones of the ear. Children are more sensitive than adults to ear infections.

Ear infections are often painful because of inflammation and the accumulation of fluid in the middle ear.

As otitis media is often found alone, treatment usually begins with pain management and monitoring of the problem. Ear infections in children and in more severe cases usually require antibiotic therapy. The long-term problems associated infections - a continuous fluid in the middle ear infections, persistent, or recurrent infections - can cause hearing problems and other serious complications.

Prevention Of Dyslexia

There is no known way to prevent dyslexia. But because the neurological problems that cause dyslexia may be related to prenatal factors, and children born with birth weight premature or low are at greater risk of dyslexia, it is wise to follow the usual recommendations for a healthy pregnancy .

Treatment Of Dyslexia

There is no known way to solve the base of the brain malfunction that causes dyslexia. Dyslexia treatment, recovery education, and before the operation begins, the better it is usually for your child. Psychological tests will help teachers to develop the child an adequate education program of recovery.

Multi-sensory approach

Teachers can use the techniques of hearing, vision and touch to improve reading skills. Help a child learn multiple meanings - for example listening to a taped lesson and tracing with a finger through the letters and words - can help him process the information.

Expertise focuses on five key areas necessary for the effective treatment of:

Phonemic awareness - the sounds are the smallest speech sounds

Phonic recognition

Oral reading ability

Vocabulary building

Reading Comprehension

You can help your child learn to read to him often, and help your child pronounce letters and spell words. If your child learns best by listening to new information first, listen to books on tape with him or her, and then read the same story in written form together.

If your child has severe reading disability, tutoring may have to occur more frequently, and progress can be slow. A child with severe dyslexia may not be able to read and it is possible that the formation of vocations that do not require high reading skills. However, with determination, children and adults with dyslexia can learn to do many things, and a number of celebrities have succeeded despite their dyslexia. Children with milder forms of dyslexia often eventually learn to read well enough to succeed in school.

Symptoms Of Dyslexia

The symptoms of dyslexia can be difficult to recognize your child enters school, but some early clues may indicate a problem. Once your child reaches school age, your child's teacher can be the first to notice a problem.

Before school

Signs and symptoms that the child may be at risk of dyslexia are:

A late talking

The addition of new words slowly

Difficulty rhyming

School age

Once your child is in school, the symptoms of dyslexia can be more obvious, namely:

Reading at a level well below the level expected for the age of your child

Processing problems and understand what they mean

Difficulty understanding instructions faster

Problems following more than one command at a time

Problems with remembering the order of things

Difficult to see (and hear some) similarities and differences between letters and words

An inability to fathom the pronunciation of an unknown word

See letters or words in the opposite direction (B and D and see that) - though to see words or letters backwards is common for children under 8 years who have dyslexia, children with dyslexia continue to see after this age

Difficulty spelling

Difficulty learning a foreign language

When to seek medical advice

Dyslexia is characterized by a delay in the age when your child begins to read. Most children are ready to learn to read in kindergarten or first grade, but children with dyslexia are often unable to understand the basics of reading at the time. Talk to your doctor if your child's level of literacy level falls below what is expected for his age or if you notice any signs or symptoms of dyslexia.

Causes Of Dyslexia

Learning disability is a condition that produces a gap between a person and his ability to provide. Most people with dyslexia have average or above average intelligence, but read the significantly lower level than expected. Other types of learning disabilities have attention problems, inability to perform a write and the inability to do well in math skills.

Dyslexia September seems to be a malfunction in certain brain areas involved on the tongue. The condition often runs in families.

Dyslexia Overview

Dyslexia has been weakened in the brain's ability to translate written images received from your eyes into meaningful language. Also called specific reading difficulties, dyslexia is the most common learning disabilities in children.

Dyslexia usually occurs in children with normal vision and normal intelligence. Dyslexic children typically have normal speech, but can be difficult to interpret the spoken and written language.

Dyslexic children need tutoring, and treatment of dyslexia often involves a program of multi-sensory education. Emotional support your child in turn plays an important role.

Prevention Of Of Drug Abuse

Just be prescribed a medication does not put you at risk for abuse or dependence. Abuse of prescription drugs is rare in people who need painkillers, tranquilizers or stimulants to treat a medical condition. But if you take a drug commonly abused, here are some things you can do to reduce your risk:

Make sure you get the right medication. When you see your doctor, make sure your doctor clearly understand your condition and signs and symptoms it causes. Ask your doctor if there is an extended release version of a drug or other drugs based on ingredients that have less potential for addiction.

Check with your doctor. Talk to your doctor at regular intervals to ensure that the medications you take work and you take the correct dose.

Carefully follow the instructions. Do not increase the dose of a medication on your own if you are not working - for example, if you take a pain medication is not enough to control pain, take no more.

I do not know what the drug is not so. Ask your doctor or pharmacist about the effects of the drugs you are taking, so you'll know what to expect.

Never use another person's prescription. Each person is different. Even if you have a similar medical condition, may not be the medication or dosage for you.

Prevent drug abuse among adolescents

Young people are at particularly high risk of abuse of prescription drugs. Follow these steps to help prevent your teen is abusing prescription drugs:

Discuss the risks with your kids. Highlight your teen that just because the drugs are prescribed by a doctor does not make them safe - especially if you have been prescribed for someone else, or if your child already has a prescription medication.

Set rules for your child's prescription medications. Enter your teen know that's not good to share medicines with others - or to take medications prescribed for others. Enter your teenager knows that taking the prescribed dose of medication and talk with your doctor before making any changes.

Keep your medications safe. Living in the amounts and stored in a locked medicine cabinet.

Proper disposal of medicines. Rinse opioid analgesics in the toilet. But it is dangerous to wash many other types of drugs. Instead, get them out of their original packaging and mix with coffee grounds, used kitty litter or other substances. Then place them in the trash. Before throwing medicine bottles, remove the label or mark any information as name, patient ID or order number.

Treatment Of Drug Abuse

Treatment options for abuse of prescription drugs vary.

Medicine

Withdrawal from opiates. Buprenorphine (Buprenex, Subutex) or methadone may be used to relieve the symptoms of opioid withdrawal. However, the use of these drugs to facilitate the withdrawal of opiate dependence in the absence of pain problems is strictly regulated and subject to strict and sometimes a special permit. Other drugs - including clonidine (Catapres), a drug primarily used for high blood pressure - can be used to help control the symptoms of opioid withdrawal.

Removal of sedative. If you have used prescription sedatives for a long period, it may take weeks or even months to decrease slowly. You may need other medications to stabilize your mood or with anxiety, and you'll have to work closely with your doctor.

Stimulant withdrawal. There are no approved drugs for the treatment of stimulant withdrawal. The treatment focuses on relieving usually withdrawal symptoms - such as sleep disorders, appetite and mood.

Consultation

Counseling - both individual counseling, group or family - is often useful. Besides helping to determine what factors may have led to the abuse of prescription drugs, counseling can help people gain the skills necessary to help prevent recurrence.

Symptoms Of Drug Abuse

Signs and symptoms of abuse of prescription drugs depends on the particular drug. The drugs most commonly abused are:

Opioid analgesics such as oxycodone (OxyContin) and those containing hydrocodone (Vicodin)

Sedatives and tranquilizers such as diazepam (Valium) and lorazepam (Ativan)

Stimulants such as methylphenidate (Ritalin), used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and sleep disorders

Causes Of Drug Abuse

Adolescents and adults are abusing prescription drugs for a number of reasons. Some of these include:

To feel good or get high

To relax or relieve tension (analgesics and sedatives)

To reduce appetite (stimulants)

To experience

To be accepted by peers (peer review) or be a social

To be sure - it's a misconception that prescription drugs are safer than street drugs

To be legal - it is wrong thinking that taking prescription medications without a prescription is legal

To feed an addiction

Obtaining prescription drugs

Most prescriptions are written for people who have a genuine medical need for these drugs. But many families have a box or a closet full of old bottles of prescription drugs has remained. Since they are prescription drugs for medical use, adolescents often these drugs are an alternative way to drugs.

In some cases, a doctor's prescription is not necessary. Some countries do not require a prescription for opioid analgesics and other drugs commonly abused, so they can be some sites without a prescription. How drugs online pharmacies that do not require a prescription can be dangerous. Some websites sell counterfeit drugs that contain potentially hazardous substances.

Drug Abuse Overview

Abuse of prescription drugs is the use of a prescription drug in a way not intended by the prescribing physician. Abuse of prescription drugs include everything from taking the prescription painkiller from a friend for your back pain to sniff the ground up pills to get high.

A growing problem, the abuse of prescription drugs is particularly common among young people. The prescription drugs most often abused are painkillers, sedatives for anxiety disorders and sleep, and stimulants for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

Identification of the use of prescription drugs early may help solve the problem before it gets worse or becomes an addiction.

Prevention Of Down Syndrome

There is no way to prevent Down syndrome. However, if you are a high risk for a child with Down syndrome or you already have a child with Down syndrome, you might want to consult a genetic counselor before becoming pregnant.

A genetic counselor can help you understand the possibilities of having a child with Down syndrome. He or she may also explain the prenatal tests that are available and help you understand the advantages and disadvantages of testing.

Treatment Of Down Syndrome

Early intervention for infants and children with Down syndrome can make a difference in achieving their potential and quality of life.

Early intervention programs

Ask your doctor for early intervention programs in your area. These specialized programs - for children with Down syndrome has attracted an early age appropriate sensory, motor and cognitive functions - are available in most states.

Programs vary from place to place, but usually involve therapists and educators, whose goal is to help your child develop motor skills, language, social skills and self-help skills.

Management Team

If your child has Down syndrome, you probably have a team of experts, depending on the particular needs of the child, to give your child care and help them develop skills as fully as possible. In addition to your primary care pediatrician, your team may include:

A pediatric cardiologist

A pediatric gastroenterologist

Children's endocrinology

Pediatric Development

My audiologist

Physiotherapist

Speech therapist

Occupational Therapist

A neurologist

What to Expect

Generally, normal children with Down syndrome meet developmental milestones, but it may take longer than a child without Down syndrome. For example, children with Down syndrome take twice as long to sit, crawl, walk or talk. But early intervention programs, started as quickly as possible, provide children with Down syndrome the best chance of success.

Symptoms Of Down Syndrome

Children with Down syndrome have distinctive facial appearance. Although all children with Down syndrome have the same characteristics, some of the most common are:

Flattened facial features

Small head

Short neck

Protruding tongue

The upward slanting eyes, unusual for an ethnic group of children

Unusually shaped ears

Down children can also be:

Low muscle tone

Broad hands and short with a single crease in the palm of the hand

Relatively short fingers

Excessive flexibility

Infants down can be a medium size, but usually grow slowly and are shorter than other children the same age. In general, the stages of development as sitting and crawling, occurs in about twice the age of children without impairment. Children up to a certain degree of mental retardation, usually mild to moderate range.

Causes Of Down Syndrome

Human cells normally contain 23 pairs of chromosomes. One chromosome of each pair is your father, your mother the other.

Down syndrome results when one of the three divisions of cells with abnormal chromosome 21 occurs. All three cell division, causing abnormalities of genetic material from chromosome 21 more, which corresponds to the characteristics and developmental problems of Down syndrome. Three genetic variations can cause Down syndrome are:

Trisomy 21. Over 90 percent of the time, Down syndrome is caused by trisomy 21. A child with trisomy 21 has three copies of chromosome 21 - instead of the usual two copies - in every cell of it. This form of Down syndrome is caused by abnormal cell division during development of the sperm cell or egg.

Mosaic Down Syndrome. In this rare form of Down syndrome children have some cells with an extra copy of chromosome 21. This mosaic of normal and abnormal cells is caused by abnormal cell division after fertilization.

Translocation Down syndrome. Down syndrome can also occur when part of chromosome 21 should be attached to (another) to another chromosome, before or understanding. Children with translocation Down syndrome have two normal copies of chromosome 21, but also other material from chromosome 21 onto another chromosome. This form of Down syndrome is rare.

There are no known behavioral and environmental factors that cause Down syndrome.

And 'hereditary?

Most of the time, Down syndrome is not hereditary. And 'caused by an error in cell division during development of the sperm egg or embryo.

Translocation Down syndrome is the only way the disease can be transmitted from parents to children. However, only 4 percent of children with Down syndrome have a translocation. And only half of these children inherited one of their parents.

When translocations are inherited, the mother or the father takes the balanced translocation, which means he or she has rearranged a bit of genetic material, but not the extra genetic material. A balanced carrier has no signs or symptoms of Down syndrome, but he or she may happen to children translocation.

The opportunity to spend depends on the translocation of the sex of the parent who carries the rearranged chromosome 21:

If the parent is the carrier, the risk is about 3 percent.

If the mother is the carrier, the risk is 10 to 15 percent.

Down Syndrome Overview

Down Syndrome

Down syndrome is a genetic disease that causes life-long mental retardation, developmental delays and other problems. The severity of Down syndrome varies, the problems of development in order to vary from moderate to severe.

Down syndrome is the most common genetic cause of learning difficulties in children.

A better understanding of Down syndrome and early intervention make a big difference in life for children and adults with Down.

Prevention Of Diverticulitis

Here are things you can do to help prevent or slow the progression of diverticular disease:

Eat more fiber. High-fiber foods like fruits and vegetables and whole grains, soften waste and help pass more quickly through the colon. This reduces the pressure inside your digestive tract. Aim for 20-35 grams of fiber each day. A cup of apple or 1 / 2 (118 milliliters) of spinach each contain more than 3 grams of fiber, and 1 / 2 cup of beans contains about 8 grams. Try replacing fruits, vegetables and grain products for foods high in fat. Be sure to add fiber gradually to avoid bloating, abdominal pain and gas. If it is difficult for you to consume 20 or more grams of fiber a day, consider using a fiber supplement such as psyllium (Metamucil) or methylcellulose (Citrucel). Avoid nuts, seeds or failing to prevent recurrent attacks of diverticulitis.

Drink plenty of fluids. Fiber works by absorbing water and increasing the soft, bulky waste in the colon. But if you do not drink enough fluids to replace what is absorbed, fiber can cause constipation.

Reply to gut impulses. When you need to use the bathroom, do not delay. Delaying bowel movements leads to harder stools that require more force to move and increased pressure inside your colon.

Exercise regularly. Exercise promotes normal bowel function and reduce the pressure inside the colon. Try to spend at least 30 minutes most days.

Treatment Of Diverticulitis

In general, treatment depends on the severity of its signs and symptoms, and if this is your first attack of diverticulitis. If your symptoms are mild, a liquid diet or low in fiber and antibiotics may be just what you need. But if you are at risk of complications or recurrent attacks of diverticulitis, you may need more advanced care.

Nursing home

If your condition requires care at home, waiting to rest and eat a liquid diet for a few days for your infection can heal. Once your symptoms improve - usually within three days - you can gradually add fiber-rich foods such as whole grains, fruits and vegetables to your diet.

Also, your doctor will probably prescribe antibiotics to help kill bacteria that cause infection. Even if you start to feel better, be sure to complete your course of medication. Stopping too soon can cause the infection to return or could contribute to antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

If you have moderate or severe pain, your doctor may recommend a nonprescription pain reliever such as acetaminophen (Tylenol, others). The doctor may also prescribe a more powerful analgesic, although these drugs tend to be constipating and may aggravate the problem.

Hospitalization

If you have a more serious crisis that includes or threatening bowel obstruction or peritonitis, or who have developed a complication of diverticulitis, such as an abscess, you may need to be hospitalized to receive antibiotics intravenously.

If you develop an abscess, you may need to be drained. This can be done by inserting a needle through the skin, which is guided by ultrasound or CT scan. A catheter is then placed to drain the abscess. This catheter may be necessary to stay in place while you are being treated with antibiotics. Once you have recovered, bowel resection may be necessary.

Surgery

If you have a perforation, abscess, fistula or diverticulitis, recurring, your doctor may recommend surgery to remove the diseased colon. There are two types of intervention:

Primary bowel resection. In this procedure, the surgeon removes the diseased portion of intestine and then reconnects the healthy segments of the colon (anastomosis). This allows you to have normal stools. Depending on the amount of inflammation, you may have open (traditional) or laparoscopic surgery. With open surgery, the surgeon makes a long incision in the abdomen, while laparoscopic surgery is performed by three or four small incisions. Recovery is generally faster and faster with laparoscopic surgery.

Bowel resection with colostomy. This surgery may be necessary if you have inflammation in your colon so it is not possible to connect your colon and rectum. During a colostomy, your surgeon makes an opening (stoma) in the abdominal wall. The affected part of your colon is then connected to the stoma, and waste passes through the opening into a bag. Several months later - when the inflammation has healed - your surgeon may be able to perform a second surgery to restore your colon and rectum.

Symptoms Of Diverticulitis

The common symptoms of diverticulitis are:

The pain, often sharp, severe and located in the lower left corner of the stomach

Less frequently, abdominal pain, which may be mild at first and worsen over several days, possibly ranging from intensive

Change in bowel habits

Abdominal pain

Fever

Nausea and vomiting

Constipation

Diarrhea

Swelling

Rectal bleeding (less common)

Causes Of Diverticulitis

Diverticula usually develop when naturally weak places in your colon give way under pressure. This leads to the marble-sized pouches to protrude through the colon wall.

Exactly how the diverticula become inflamed or infected is not clear. One theory is that increased pressure in the colon can weaken the wall of the diverticula leading to infection. Another is that the narrow openings of the diverticula can trap feces, which can lead to infection. Or obstruction in the small opening of a diverticulum may reduce the blood supply to the region, leading to inflammation.

Previously, doctors thought that the nuts, seeds, popcorn and corn has had a role to diverticulitis due to being trapped in the diverticula. However, some studies have shown that these foods are not associated with an increased risk of diverticulitis.

Diverticulitis Overview

Diverticulitis (VUR-di-tik-u-LI-tis) occurs when one or more diverticula in the digestive tract becomes inflamed or infected. Diverticula are small pouches that bulge can form anywhere in the digestive system, including the esophagus, stomach and small intestine. However, they are mostly in the large intestine.

Diverticula are common, especially after age 40. When you have diverticula, the space is known as diverticulosis. You may never even know it, these bags, because they rarely cause problems, such as diverticulitis.

Sometimes, however, diverticulitis occurs. This condition can cause severe abdominal pain, fever, nausea and a marked change in the stool. Mild cases of diverticulitis can be treated with rest, changes in diet and antibiotics. However, serious cases of diverticulitis may require surgery.

Prevention Of Diarrhea

Prevention of viral diarrhea

Wash your hands frequently to prevent the spread of viral diarrhea. To ensure that you or your child is to wash your hands, always:

Wash frequently. Wash your hands after preparing food, handling raw meat, going to the bathroom, changing diapers, sneezing, coughing and nose blowing.

Lather with soap for at least 20 seconds. When using the soap in your hands, rub your hands together for at least 20 seconds. This is almost time to sing "Happy Birthday" twice through.

Use hand sanitizer when washing is not possible. Use a hand sanitizer with alcohol when you can not get a sink. Apply hand sanitizer that you would hand lotion, making sure to completely cover the fronts and backs of hands. Use a product containing 60 percent alcohol.

Prevention of diarrhea from contaminated food

To protect against diarrhea caused by contaminated food:

Serve immediately or refrigerate food after being cooked or reheated. Leaving food at room temperature can encourage bacterial growth.

Wash work surfaces regularly to avoid spreading bacteria from one food to another. Wash your hands and your work surface for several hours during preparation.

Use the refrigerator to thaw frozen foods. Or try to make objects frozen in a plastic container of cold water to thaw. Do not let the freeze thaw on the counter.

Prevention of traveler's diarrhea

Diarrhea commonly affects people who travel to developing countries where diarrhea is sometimes due to inadequate sanitation and contaminated food and water. To reduce the risk:

Watch what you eat. Eat hot, well cooked. Avoid raw fruits and vegetables unless you can peel yourself. Also avoid raw or undercooked meat and dairy products.

Be careful what you drink. Bottled water, soda, beer or wine served in its original container. Avoid tap water and ice. Use bottled water even for brushing teeth. Keep your mouth closed while showering. Drink boiled water, such as coffee and tea are probably safe. Remember that alcohol and caffeine can aggravate diarrhea and dehydration.

Ask your doctor about using antibiotics. If you come from a developing country for an extended period, ask your doctor about starting antibiotics before you leave on your trip. In some cases this may reduce the risk that you develop traveler's diarrhea.

Treatment Of Diarrhea

Most cases of diarrhea clear just a few days without treatment. If you've tried the changes in lifestyle and home remedies for diarrhea without success, your doctor may recommend medication or other treatment.

Antibiotics

Antibiotics can help treat diarrhea caused by bacteria or parasites. If a virus is the cause of your diarrhea, antibiotics will not help.

Therapy to replace fluids

Your doctor will probably advise you to take steps to replace fluids and salts lost during diarrhea. For most people this means of replacing fluids to drink water, juice or broth. If fluid intake upset your stomach or cause diarrhea, your doctor may recommend that you get fluids through a vein in your arm (intravenously).

Water is a good way to replace fluids, but it does not contain salts and electrolytes - minerals such as sodium and potassium - you need to maintain the electric currents that keep your heart. Disturbances in body fluids and mineral levels creates an electrolyte imbalance that can be severe. You can help maintain your electrolyte level by drinking fruit juice for potassium or eating soup for sodium.

Establishment of its drugs

If your doctor finds that a drug antibiotic caused diarrhea, your doctor may change the treatment plan for the calculation of the dose or switch to another drug.

Treat underlying conditions

If the diarrhea is due to serious illness or condition, such as inflammatory bowel disease, the doctor works to control this condition. You can refer to a specialist, such as the gastroenterologist, who can help design a treatment plan for you.

Symptoms Of Diarrhea

Signs and symptoms associated with diarrhea may include:

Often, loose, watery stools

Abdominal cramps

Abdominal pains

Fever

Blood in the stool

Swelling

When to seek medical advice

If you are an adult, consult your doctor if:

Your diarrhea lasts longer than three days

To prevent dehydration - as evidenced by excessive thirst, dry mouth or skin, little or no urine, weakness, dizziness or lightheadedness, or dark urine

You have severe abdominal pain or rectal

You have bloody or black stools

You have a temperature over 102 F (39 C)

In children, particularly young children, diarrhea can quickly lead to dehydration. Call your doctor if your child has diarrhea does not improve within 24 hours or if your baby:

They have not had a wet diaper at least three hours

A fever over 102 F (39 C)

He has blood in the stool or black

It is a dry mouth or cries without tears

Is unusually sleepy, drowsy, unresponsive or irritable

And 'the appearance of sunken abdomen, eyes and cheeks

It's the skin that does not flatten when pinched and released

Causes Of Diarrhea

Diarrhea occurs when food and liquids we ingest pass too quickly or too much - or both - through your colon. Normally, the colon absorbs fluids from the foods you eat, leaving a semi-solid bank. But if the fluids from the foods they eat are not absorbed, the result is a watery bowel movement.

Many diseases and conditions can cause diarrhea. Common causes of diarrhea are:

Virus. Viruses that can cause diarrhea are Norwalk virus, cytomegalovirus, and viral hepatitis. Rotavirus is a common cause of acute diarrhea in children.

Bacteria and parasites. Contaminated food or water can be sent to bacteria and parasites in the body. Parasites such as Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium can cause diarrhea. Common bacterial causes of diarrhea are Campylobacter, Salmonella, Shigella, and Escherichia coli. Diarrhea caused by bacteria and parasites can be common when traveling in developing countries and is often called the traveler.

Medicine. Many medications can cause diarrhea. The most common are antibiotics. Antibiotics kill bacteria both good and bad that can disrupt the natural balance of bacteria in your gut. This disturbance sometimes leads to infection by a bacterium called Clostridium difficile, which can also cause diarrhea.

Lactose intolerance. Lactose is a sugar found in milk and other dairy products. Many people have difficulty digesting lactose and diarrhea after eating dairy experience. Your body produces an enzyme that helps digest lactose, but for most people the levels of this enzyme decreases rapidly after infancy. This causes an increased risk of lactose intolerance with age.

Fructose. Fructose, a sugar found naturally in fruits and honey and added as a sweetener for some drinks can cause diarrhea in people who have trouble digesting it.

Artificial sweeteners. Sorbitol and mannitol, artificial sweeteners in chewing gum and other sugar-free products, can cause diarrhea in some people healthy.

Surgery. Some people may experience diarrhea after undergoing abdominal surgery or surgical removal of the gallbladder.

Other digestive tract. Chronic diarrhea has a number of other causes, such as Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, celiac disease, microscopic colitis and irritable bowel syndrome.

Diarrhea Overview

Describes diarrhea loose stools, watery occurring more frequently than usual. Diarrhea is the experience of something around the world. Diarrhea often means more frequent trips to the bathroom and a larger volume of feces.

In most cases, diarrhea and symptoms usually last a few days. But sometimes the diarrhea can last for weeks. In these situations can be a sign of diarrhea a serious condition as inflammatory bowel disease, or a less serious condition such as irritable bowel syndrome.

Diarrhea can lead to loss of large amounts of water and salts. Most cases of diarrhea resolve without treatment. But see your doctor if diarrhea persists, if you become dehydrated, or if you pass blood in the stool.

Prevention Of Diaper Rash

Here are some simple strategies can help reduce the likelihood of diaper rash to develop the child's skin is just:

Change diapers often. Remove soiled diapers promptly. If your child is on hold, ask the staff to do the same.

Rinse your baby's bottom with water as part of each diaper change. You can use a bottle sink, tub or water for this purpose. Baby wipes and cotton balls can also help cleanse the skin. Do not use wipes that contain alcohol or perfume.

Pat your child with a clean towel. Do not rub the baby's bottom. Rubbing can further irritate the skin.

Do not overtighten diapers. Diapers that are too tight prevent airflow diaper area, creating a moist environment favorable to diaper rash. Tightfitting diapers can also cause irritation to the life or thighs.

Allow more time down your baby without diapers. Whenever possible, let your child go without a diaper. To expose the skin to air is a natural and gentle to let it dry. To avoid messy accidents, try your baby on a large towel and engage in some play time while he or she is just down.

Wash the cloth diapers. Pre-soaking heavily soiled cloth diapers and use hot water to wash them. Use a mild detergent and avoid fabric softeners and dryer sheets because they can contain fragrances that can irritate your baby's skin. Double rinse your baby's diapers if your child has a diaper rash or is likely to develop diaper rash. If you use a diaper service to clean your baby's diaper, make sure that the diaper service takes these steps.

Consider using ointment regularly. If your baby gets rashes often, apply a barrier ointment after each diaper change to avoid skin irritations. Petroleum jelly and zinc oxide are proven ingredients included in many ointments prepared rash. The use of these products clear skin helps to keep in good condition.

Once you have changed the diapers, wash hands thoroughly. Hand washing can prevent the spread of bacteria or yeasts rest of the body of the child, for you or other children.

Cloth or disposable diapers?

Many parents wonder what kind of diapers to use. When it comes to preventing diaper rash, there is compelling evidence that cloth diapers are better than disposable diapers, or vice versa, although single-use products to keep baby's skin slightly 'drier. Since there is no one best diaper - use whatever works best for you and your child. If a brand of disposable diapers irritate baby's skin, try another.

If you use cloth diapers, disposable or both always change your baby as soon as possible after his diaper to keep the ground for the foundation clean and dry as possible.

Treatment Of Diaper Rash

The best treatment for diaper rash is to keep baby's skin dry and clean as possible. If the baby's diaper rash persists during home treatment, your doctor may prescribe:

An antifungal cream

Hydrocortisone cream mild

Use creams or ointments containing steroids that if the pediatrician or dermatologist recommends it - strong steroids or frequent use can cause additional problems.

Diaper rashes usually require several days to improve and can continue for weeks. If the rash persists despite prescription treatment, your doctor may recommend that the child to see a dermatologist.

Symptoms Of Diaper Rash

Diaper rash is characterized by the following:

Skin signs. Diaper rash is a red, swollen and tender skin appearance of the diaper region - buttocks, thighs and genitals.

Changes in the mind of your child. You may feel your baby seems more uncomfortable than usual, especially in the diaper changes. A baby with a diaper rash often restless or cries when the diaper area is washed or touched.

Diaper rashes can occur intermittently, when your child wears diapers, but are most common in babies during their first 15 months, especially between 8 and 10 months of age.

When a doctor

Diaper rash is usually easy to treat and improve in a few days after starting treatment at home. If your baby's skin does not improve after several days of home treatment with over-the-counter ointment and more frequent diaper changes, talk with your doctor. Sometimes diaper rash led to secondary infections that may require prescription drugs.

Ask your child to explore, if:

The rash is severe

The rash worsens despite home treatment

Also see your doctor if the rash occurs with the following:

Fever

Blisters or sores

A rash that extends beyond the area of ​​the layer

Pus or weeping discharge

Causes Of Diaper Rash

The causes of diaper rash can be traced to a variety of sources, including:

Irritation in the feces and urine. Prolonged exposure to urine or feces can irritate baby's delicate skin. Your child may be more prone to diaper rash if he or she is experiencing frequent bowel movements, because feces are more irritating than urine.

New foods. As children begin to eat solid foods, usually when they are between 4 and 12 months, the content of the stool changes, increasing the likelihood of diaper rash. Changes in children's diets may also increase the frequency of stools, which can lead to diaper rash. If you are breastfeeding, your baby may develop diaper rash in response to something you ate, such as tomato dishes.

The irritation caused by a new product. Wipes, a new brand of disposable diapers, detergent or fabric softener, bleach or fabric used for washing cloth diapers can irritate all your baby's delicate bottom. Other substances that can aggravate the problem of the ingredients found in some baby lotions, powders and oils.

Bacteria or yeast (fungus) infection. What begins as a simple skin infection can spread to areas surrounding. The area covered by a diaper - buttocks, thighs and genitals - are especially vulnerable, because it is hot and humid, making it an ideal breeding ground for bacteria and yeast. These eruptions usually begin with the wrinkles of the skin, and there may be red dots scattered around the wrinkles.

Sensitive skin. Babies 'skin', such as atopic dermatitis or eczema, may be more likely to develop diaper rash. However, the irritated skin with atopic dermatitis and eczema primarily affects the rest of the diaper area.

Rubbing or friction. Tightfitting diapers or clothing rubs against the skin may cause dermatitis.

The use of antibiotics. Antibiotics kill bacteria - good and bad. Without the balance of good bacteria, but fungal infections can occur. This can happen when babies take antibiotics or when mothers who breastfeed their babies take antibiotics.

Diaper Rash Overview

Diaper Rash

Diaper rash is a common form of inflamed skin (dermatitis) that appears as a patchwork of bright red skin on the bottom of your baby.

Diaper rash is often associated with layers continuously wet or infrequently changed, diarrhea, and using plastic pants to cover diapers. Diaper rash can also develop after solid foods are added to feed your child when nursing mothers eat certain foods or when your baby is taking antibiotics.

Diaper rash can interfere with the alarm of parents and babies, but most of diaper rash cases can be resolved with simple home treatments.

Prevention Of Diabetes

Type 1 diabetes can be prevented. However, the same healthy lifestyle choices that contribute to treat pre-diabetes, type 2 diabetes and gestational diabetes help prevent them.

Eat healthy foods. Choose foods low in fat and calories. Focus on fruits, vegetables and whole grains. Try a variety to prevent boredom.

Exercise more. The goal for 30 minutes of moderate physical activity a day. Take a brisk walk every day. Cycling. Swimming laps. If you do not fit a long workout, break it into smaller sessions spread throughout the day.

Lose excess pounds. If you are overweight, losing 5 percent of their body weight - for example, 10 pounds (4.5 kg), if you weigh 200 pounds (90.7 kg) - can reduce the risk of diabetes. To maintain your weight in a healthy range, focus on permanent changes in eating habits and exercise. Motivate yourself by remembering the benefits of losing weight as a healthy heart, more energy and improved self-esteem.

Sometimes medication is an option too. Oral diabetes drugs such as metformin (Glucophage) can reduce the risk of developing type 2 diabetes - but healthy lifestyle choices remain essential.

Treatment Of Diabetes

Depending on the type of diabetes you have, glucose monitoring, insulin and oral medications play a role in your treatment. A pancreas transplant may be an option for people with diabetes is difficult to control.

But no matter what type of diabetes you have, a healthy diet, maintain a healthy weight and keep an eye on your blood sugar in the blood are the keys to managing your diabetes.

Treatments for all types of diabetes

An important part of the General Manager of all types of diabetes is to maintain a healthy weight through a healthy diet and exercise:

A healthy diet. Contrary to popular belief, there's no diabetes diet. Not limited to food boring, bland. Instead, you will need plenty of fruits, vegetables and whole grains - foods that are rich in nutrition and low in fat and calories - and fewer animal products and sweets. In fact, the best eating plan for the whole family. Even sugary foods are okay once in a while, if they are included in your meal plan.

However, understanding what and how much food can be a challenge. A dietitian can help you create an eating plan that meets your health goals, food preferences and lifestyle. This may include carbohydrate counting, especially if you have type 1 diabetes.

Physical activity. Everyone needs regular aerobic exercise, and people with diabetes are no exception. Exercise lowers blood sugar by sugar transport in cells where it is used for energy. Exercise also increases your sensitivity to insulin, meaning that your body needs less insulin to transport sugar into your cells. Get your doctor's OK to exercise. Then choose activities you enjoy, like walking, swimming or cycling. What is important part of physical activity into your daily routine. Aim for at least 30 minutes or more of aerobic exercise most days of the week. If you have not been active for a while, start slowly and build gradually.

Treatment of diabetes type 1 and type 2

The treatment of type 1 diabetes is insulin injections or use an insulin pump, frequent monitoring of blood glucose and carbohydrate counting. Treatment of Type 2 diabetes affects mainly the monitoring of their blood sugar with diabetes, insulin, or both.

Control your blood sugar. Depending on your treatment plan, you can check rates and record the times of blood sugar several times a week to three or more times a day. Careful monitoring is the only way to ensure that their level of blood sugar stays within the parameters. People receiving treatment with insulin may also choose to control their blood sugar with a continuous glucose monitor. Although this technology has yet to replace the meter, can provide important information on trends in the levels of blood sugar.

Even if you eat on a regular basis, the amount of sugar in the blood varies unpredictably. With the help of your diabetes care team, you will learn how changes in blood glucose in response to things like food, exercise, medication, illness, alcohol, stress, and - for women - the fluctuations hormone levels.

In addition to monitoring blood sugar daily, your doctor may recommend regular A1C testing to measure your average blood glucose over the last couple of months. Compared with repeated daily blood sugar tests, A1C testing better indicates how well your diabetes treatment plan is working together. A high A1C level may signal the need for a change in your insulin regimen or meal plan. Your goal A1C goals may vary depending on your age and other factors. But for most people, the American Diabetes Association recommends an A1C less than 7 percent. Ask your doctor what your A1C target is.

Insulin. Anyone who has type 1 diabetes need insulin treatment to survive. Some people with type 2 diabetes, also need insulin therapy. Because stomach enzymes interfere with oral insulin, oral insulin is not an option to lower blood sugar. Often, insulin is injected using a fine needle and syringe or an insulin pen - a device that resembles a fountain pen, with the exception of the cartridge is filled with insulin.

Insulin pump can also be an option. The pump is about the size of the mobile device worn outside the body. The tube connects the catheter insulin reservoir that is inserted under the skin of the abdomen. Tubeless pump that operates wirelessly is now available. You can program the pump to give a specific amount of insulin. It can be adjusted to produce a more or less insulin depending on the meals, activities and blood glucose.

Many types of insulin are available including fast acting insulin, long-acting insulin and intermediate options. Depending on your needs, your doctor may prescribe a mixture of insulin types to use throughout the day and night.

Oral medications or other. Sometimes other drugs are prescribed oral or injectable as well. Some diabetes medications stimulate the pancreas to produce and release more insulin. Others inhibit the production and release of glucose by the liver, which means you need less insulin to transport glucose into cells. Others block the action of stomach enzymes that break down carbohydrates, or to make tissues more sensitive to insulin.

Organ transplantation. Some people with type 1 diabetes, pancreas transplantation may be an option. Islet transplantation research as well. With the successful transfer of the pancreas, no longer need insulin therapy. But organ transplants are not always successful - and these procedures carry serious risks. You need a lifetime of drugs to suppress the immune system to prevent organ rejection. These medications can have serious side effects, like a great risk of injury of organ infections and cancer. Because side effects may be more dangerous than diabetes, organ transplants are usually reserved for people with diabetes can not be controlled, or those who have serious complications.

Obesity Surgery. Although not addressed specifically to treat type 2 diabetes - the type 2 diabetes, which also has a body mass index over 35 benefit from this type of surgery. People who have undergone gastric bypass surgery has found significant improvements in their blood sugar levels. But this procedure is long-term risks and benefits for type 2 diabetes, is not yet known.

Treatment for gestational diabetes

Controlling your blood sugar is essential to keep your baby healthy and avoid complications during childbirth. In addition to maintaining a healthy diet and exercise, the treatment plan may include control of blood sugar and in some cases, the use of insulin.

The doctor will also monitor the level of sugar in the blood during labor. If your blood sugar rises, your baby can release high levels of insulin - which can lead to hypoglycemia shortly after birth.

Treatment of prediabetes

If you have pre-diabetes, healthy lifestyle choices can help bring blood sugar back to normal, or at least prevent the increase towards the levels of type 2 diabetes. To maintain a healthy weight through exercise and healthy diet. Exercise for at least 150 minutes per week and lose 5-10 percent of body weight can prevent or delay type 2 diabetes.

Sometimes drugs - such as oral diabetes drugs metformin (Glucophage) and acarbose (Precose) - are also an option if you are at high risk of diabetes, including pre-diabetes if your serious or cardiovascular disease, Fatty liver or polycystic ovary syndrome.

In other cases, medications to control cholesterol - statins, in particular - and high blood pressure are necessary. Your doctor may prescribe a low dose of aspirin to help prevent heart disease if you are at high risk. Healthy lifestyles remains crucial, however.

Signs of problems in any type of diabetes

Because many factors can affect your blood sugar levels in the blood, sometimes problems arise. These conditions require immediate attention, because if left untreated seizures and unconsciousness (coma) may occur.

High blood sugar (hyperglycemia). Your blood sugar level can rise for many reasons, such as overeating, nausea, or not getting enough blood sugar-lowering drug. Check your blood sugar often, and watch for symptoms of hyperglycemia - frequent urination, increased thirst, dry mouth, blurred vision, fatigue and nausea. If you have hyperglycemia, you need to customize a meal plan, medication or both.

Increased ketones in the urine (diabetic ketoacidosis). If the cells of food energy, your body can start breaking down fat. This produces toxic acids known as ketones. Watch for loss of appetite, weakness, vomiting, fever, abdominal pain and a sweet, fruity smell on your breath. You can check your urine ketones with over-the-counter kits ketone test. If you have too many ketones in the urine, contact your doctor immediately or seek medical treatment. This condition is more common in people with type 1 diabetes.

Syndrome, hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketotic. Signs and symptoms of this condition include a reading of blood sugar threatening more than 600 mg / dL, dry mouth, extreme thirst, fever, drowsiness, confusion, vision loss and hallucinations. Hyperosmolar syndrome is caused by blood sugar becomes exorbitant blood thick and syrupy. It tends to be more common in people with type 2 diabetes is often preceded by the disease. Call your doctor or seek immediate medical attention if you have signs or symptoms of this condition.

Blood sugar (hypoglycemia). If your blood sugar drops below the target range, it is known as hypoglycemia. Blood sugar can drop for many reasons, including skipping meals and getting more physical activity than usual. But hypoglycemia is more likely if you take a drug that promotes glucose lowering insulin secretion, or if you receive insulin therapy. Check your blood sugar regularly and look for signs and symptoms of low blood sugar - sweating, trembling, weakness, hunger, dizziness, headache, blurred vision, palpitations, irritability, difficulty speaking, drowsiness, confusion, fainting and convulsions. Hypoglycemia is treated with rapidly absorbed carbohydrates such as fruit juice or grape sugar.

Symptoms Of Diabetes

Symptoms of diabetes vary depending on the height of the level of blood sugar is high. Some people, especially those with prediabetes or type 2 diabetes have no symptoms at first. In type 1 diabetes, however, symptoms tend to appear quickly and be more severe. Some of the signs and symptoms of diabetes type 1 and type 2 include:

Increased thirst

Frequent urination

Extreme hunger

Unexplained weight loss

Ketones (ketones are a byproduct of the breakdown of muscle and fat occurs when not enough insulin)

Fatigue

Blurred vision

Slow healing of wounds

Mild hypertension

Frequent infections such as gum infections or skin and vaginal infections or bladder

Although type 1 diabetes can occur at any age, it usually appears in childhood or adolescence. Type 2 diabetes, the most common, can develop at any age and can be prevented.

When to seek medical advice

If you think you or your child may have diabetes. If you notice any possible diabetes symptoms, contact your doctor. Previously, the condition is diagnosed, treatment can begin early.

If you've already been diagnosed with diabetes. If you are diagnosed with diabetes, you must first close medical supervision until blood sugar stabilizes.

Causes Of Diabetes

To understand diabetes, you must first understand how glucose is normally processed in the body.

As glucose is normally

Glucose is the main source of energy for the cells that form muscle and other tissues. Glucose comes from two main sources: the food we eat and liver. During digestion, sugar is absorbed into the bloodstream. Normally, the sugar enters the cells, with the help of insulin.

Insulin, a hormone derived from the pancreas, a gland behind the stomach. When you eat, the pancreas secretes insulin in their blood. As insulin circulates, it acts as a key to open doors that allow microscopic sugar into the cells. Insulin lowers the amount of sugar in the blood. As your level of blood sugar decreases, so does the secretion of insulin by the pancreas.

Your liver acts as a glucose storage and manufacturing center. When you have not eaten for some time, the liver releases stored glucose to keep blood glucose levels to normal levels.

The causes of type 1 diabetes

In type 1 diabetes, your immune system - attack and destroy insulin-producing cells in the pancreas - which normally fights harmful bacteria and viruses. This leaves you with little or no insulin. Instead of being transported into the cells, sugar builds up in your blood. Type 1 is believed to be caused by a combination of genetic predisposition and environmental factors, but exactly what those factors are still unclear.

Reasons for prediabetes and type 2 diabetes

In pre-diabetes - which can lead to type 2 diabetes - and type 2 diabetes, cells become resistant to insulin and the pancreas is unable to produce enough insulin to overcome this resistance. Instead of moving cells, sugar builds up in the blood. Exactly why this happens is uncertain, although type 1 diabetes, it is believed that genetic and environmental factors play a role in the development of type 2. Being overweight is closely linked to the development of type 2 diabetes, but not everyone with type 2 diabetes are overweight.

Causes of gestational diabetes

During pregnancy, the placenta produces hormones to maintain pregnancy. These hormones make the cells more resistant to insulin. When the placenta grows larger quarters, second and third, it secretes more of these hormones - which is even more difficult for insulin to do its job.

Normally, the pancreas responds by producing enough extra insulin to overcome this resistance. But sometimes your pancreas can not keep up. When this happens, the glucose enters your cells too few and too remains in your blood. It gestational diabetes.

Diabetes Overview

The "diabetes" refers to a group of diseases that affect how your body uses blood sugar, is often called blood sugar. Glucose is vital to health because it is an important source of energy for the cells that make up the muscles and tissues. And 'main fuel of the brain.

If you have diabetes, no matter what kind, it means you have too much glucose in the blood, although the reasons vary. Too much glucose can cause serious health problems.

Chronic conditions include diabetes type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Potentially reversible conditions include diabetes, prediabetes - when the sugar in the blood are higher than normal but not high enough to be classified as diabetes - and gestational diabetes, which occurs during pregnancy.

Prevention Of Depression

There is no sure way to prevent depression. However, the adoption of measures to control stress, increase flexibility and improve low self-esteem can help. Friendship and social support, especially in times of crisis can help weather rough spells. In addition, treatment at the earliest sign of a problem can prevent the worsening of depression. In the long-term maintenance therapy may also help prevent the recurrence of symptoms of depression.

Treatment Of Depression

Many treatments for depression are available. Medications and psychological therapy (psychotherapy) are very effective for most people.

In some cases, your doctor may prescribe medications to relieve symptoms of depression. However, many people need to see a doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating mental health problems (psychiatric). Many people with depression will benefit also see a psychologist or other mental health counselor. In general, the most effective treatment for depression is a combination of medication and psychotherapy.

If you suffer from severe depression, a doctor, relative or guardian may be needed to guide your care until you are well enough to participate in decision-making. You may need hospitalization, or you may have to attend an outpatient treatment program until your symptoms improve.

Here's a closer look at your options for treatment of depression.

Medicine

A number of antidepressants to treat depression. There are several types of antidepressants. Antidepressants are generally categorized by how they affect the chemicals that occur naturally in the brain to change your mood.

Types of antidepressants include:

Selective inhibitors of serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Many doctors begin treatment with prescription depression an SSRI. These drugs are safe and usually cause fewer side effects than other antidepressants. SSRIs are fluoxetine (Prozac), paroxetine (Paxil), sertraline (Zoloft), citalopram (Celexa) and escitalopram (Lexapro). The most common side effects include reduced sexual desire and delayed orgasm. Other side effects may go away as your body adjusts to the medicine. These may include digestive problems, tension, agitation, headache and insomnia.

Serotonin and norepinephrine (SNRIs). These medications include duloxetine (Cymbalta), venlafaxine (Effexor) and desvenlafaxine (Pristiq). Side effects are similar to those caused by SSRIs. At high doses of these drugs can cause increased sweating and dizziness. People with liver disease should not take duloxetine.

Norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitors (NDRIs). Bupropion (Wellbutrin) fall into this category. It is one of the few antidepressants that do not have sexual side effects. At high doses, bupropion may increase your risk of having seizures.

Atypical antidepressants. These drugs are called atypical because they do not fit into another category of antidepressants. These include trazodone (Desyrel) and mirtazapine (Remeron). Both antidepressants and sedatives are usually in the evening. In some cases, any of these medicines added to other antidepressants to help them sleep.

Tricyclic antidepressants. These have been used to treat depression for many years and are generally less effective new drugs. But because they are usually more severe and side effects of tricyclic antidepressants are generally not told, unless you've tried SSRIs first without an improvement in depression. Symptoms may include low blood pressure, dry mouth, blurred vision, constipation, urinary retention, tachycardia and confusion. Elderly people taking these drugs are subject to memory problems, confusion and hallucinations. Tricyclic antidepressants are also known to cause weight gain.

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). MAO - such as tranylcypromine (Parnate) and phenelzine (Nardil) - are usually prescribed as a last resort when other drugs have not worked. That's because MAOIs can have serious side effects. They require a strict diet because of dangerous goods (even fatal) interactions with certain foods such as cheese, pickles and wine and some medications such as decongestants. Selegiline (Emsam) is a new MAOI, as you keep your skin as a patch instead of flowing. It may cause fewer side effects than other MAO inhibitors.

Strategies of other drugs. Your doctor may suggest other medicines to treat your depression. This may include stimulants, mood stabilizing drugs, drugs against anxiety and antipsychotic medications. In some cases, your doctor may recommend combining two or more antidepressants or other medications for the best effect. This strategy is known to increase.

Finding the right medication

Each person is different, so finding the right drug or drugs is likely to take some trial and error. This requires patience, since some drugs have eight or more weeks to take full effect and side effects comfortable as your body adjusts. If you have troublesome side effects, stop taking an antidepressant without consulting your doctor. Some antidepressants can cause withdrawal symptoms if the dose spot gradually and stop suddenly and can cause a sudden worsening of depression. Do not give up until you find an antidepressant or medication that is right for you - it is very likely to find one that works and does not have intolerable side effects.

If an antidepressant is not working, your doctor may recommend a blood test to check whether specific genes that affect the way your body uses antidepressants. Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) genotyping test is an example of this type of examination. Genetic studies of this type can help predict how your body can or can not process (metabolize) a drug. This can help identify antidepressants might be a good choice for you. These genetic tests are not widely available, they are only an option for people who have access to a clinic that offers them.

Antidepressants and pregnancy

If you are pregnant or breast-feeding, some antidepressants may have a greater risk to the health of her fetus or infant. Talk to your doctor if you become pregnant or planning a pregnancy.

Antidepressants and suicide increases the risk of

Although most antidepressants are generally safe, be careful when taking them. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) now requires that all antidepressant drugs is not black-box warning. These are the most severe warnings the FDA can issue prescription drugs.

The antidepressant warnings note that in some cases, children, adolescents and young adults aged 18 to 24 have increased suicidal thoughts or behavior when taking antidepressants, especially during the first weeks after the start of a antidepressant or when the dose is changed. Because of this risk, people in these age groups will be closely monitored by their families, caregivers and healthcare professionals while taking antidepressants. If you - or someone you know - have suicidal thoughts while taking an antidepressant, you should immediately contact your doctor or get emergency assistance.

Again, make sure you understand the risks of various antidepressants. By working together, you and your doctor explore options for your symptoms of depression under control.

Psychotherapy

Counseling is another key to treating depression. Psychotherapy is a general term for a way to treat depression when talking about his health and related issues with a mental health provider. Psychotherapy is also known as therapy, speech therapy, counseling or psychosocial therapy.

To talk about these sessions, you will learn the causes of depression, so you can better understand. You can also learn to identify and make changes in unhealthy behavior or thoughts, explore relationships and experiences, to find better ways to address and solve problems and set realistic goals in your life. Psychotherapy can help you regain a sense of happiness and control your life and help relieve the symptoms of depression such as hopelessness and anger. It can also help you adapt to a crisis or other problem at the moment.

Several types of psychotherapy are effective for depression. Cognitive behavioral therapy is most commonly used. This type of therapy helps you identify negative beliefs and behaviors and replace them with healthy positive thoughts. It is based on the idea that their own thoughts - not other people or situations - determine how you feel or behave. Even if an unwanted situation does not change, you can change your way of thinking and behaving in a positive way. Interpersonal therapy and psychodynamic psychotherapy are other types of boards used to treat depression.

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

In ECT, electrical currents through the brain. This procedure is thought to affect levels of neurotransmitters in the brain. Although many people are wary of ECT and its side effects, it generally offers immediate relief from severe depression, even when other treatments do not work. It is unclear how this therapy relieves the signs and symptoms of depression. The most common side effect is confusion, which can last from minutes to several hours. Some people also have amnesia.

ECT is usually used for people who do not improve with medication and with a high risk of suicide. ECT may be an option if you have severe depression, when you are pregnant and do not take drugs regularly. It can also be an effective treatment for older people with severe depression and antidepressant medications can be taken for health reasons.

Hospitalization and residential treatment programs

In some people, depression is so severe that hospitalization is necessary. Hospitalization may be necessary if you are unable to take care of yourself properly or when you are in immediate danger of harming yourself or others. Come to a hospital psychiatric treatment can help you stay calm and confident, until your mood improves. Partial hospitalization treatment programs or days, which are also useful for some people. These programs provide support and advice you need while you experience symptoms under control.

Other treatments for depression

If standard depression treatment is not effective, a psychiatrist can assess whether you can benefit from less commonly used procedure, such as:

Vagus nerve stimulation. This treatment uses electrical pulses with an implanted pulse generator to affect mood centers of the brain. This may be an option if you have chronic, treatment-resistant depression.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation. With this treatment, strong magnetic fields are used to modify brain activity. A large electromagnetic coil is held against your scalp near the forehead to produce an electric current through his brain.

Lifestyle and home remedies

Depression is an illness that usually you can be treated. But you can do things for yourself that will help you. In addition to professional treatment, follow these steps for self-care:

Stick to your treatment plan. Do not miss the meetings or sessions of psychotherapy, even if you do not want to go. Although not feeling well, resist any temptation to skip the drug. If you stop, the symptoms of depression may return, and you can also experience withdrawal-like symptoms.

Discover the depression. Commissioned education can give and motivate staff to plan treatment.

Pay attention to warning signs. Work with your doctor or therapist to learn what they can trigger symptoms of depression. Make a plan so you know what to do if symptoms worsen. Contact your doctor or therapist if you notice any changes in symptoms or how you feel. Ask family or friends to help watch the warning signs.

Exercise. Physical activity reduces symptoms of depression. Consider walking, jogging, swimming, gardening or taking some other activity you enjoy.

Avoid alcohol and illicit drugs. It may seem that alcohol or drugs relieve symptoms of depression, but in the long run tend to make symptoms worse and make it harder to treat depression.

Get plenty of sleep. Sleeping well is very important when you are depressed. If you have trouble sleeping, ask your doctor about what can be done.

Symptoms Of Depression

Symptoms of depression include:

Feelings of sadness or accident

Irritability or frustration, even on small things

Loss of interest or pleasure in normal activities

Reduced sexual desire

Insomnia or excessive sleeping

Appetite changes - depression often cause decreased appetite and weight loss, but some people that causes food cravings and weight gain

Agitation or nervousness - for example, stimulation hand wringing, or inability to sit

Slowed thinking, speech or body movement

Indecisiveness, reduced concentration, distractibility, and

Tiredness, fatigue and weakness - even small tasks may seem to require a lot of work

Feelings of worthlessness or guilt, placed on past failures or blame when things go wrong

Trouble thinking, concentrating, remembering, and making things

Often, the thoughts of death, dying or suicide

Mourn no apparent reason

Unexplained physical problems such as backaches or headaches

For some people, symptoms of depression are so severe that it is obvious that something is wrong. Some people feel generally miserable or unhappy without really knowing why.

Depression affects each person differently, so that symptoms of depression vary from person to person. Hereditary traits, age, gender and cultural background all play a role in how depression can affect you.

Symptoms of depression in children and adolescents

Common symptoms of depression may be slightly different in children and adolescents than in adults they are.

In young children, symptoms of depression can include sadness, irritability, hopelessness and anxiety.

The symptoms in adolescents and teens may include anxiety, anger and avoidance of social interaction.

The changes in thinking and sleep are common signs of depression in adolescents and adults, but are not as common in young children.

In children and adolescents, depression often occurs with other behavioral problems and mental health disorders such as anxiety or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

Symptoms of depression in the elderly

Depression is not a normal part of aging, and most older people feel satisfied with their lives. However, depression occurs in the elderly. Unfortunately, it is often undiagnosed and untreated. Many adults suffering from depression are reluctant to seek help when they feel down.

In the elderly, depression may go unnoticed because the symptoms - including fatigue, loss of appetite, sleep disturbances or loss of interest in sex - it may seem caused by other diseases

Older people with depression can say they feel dissatisfied with life in general, bored, helpless or useless. They can always wants to stay home rather than going out to socialize or do new things.

Suicidal thoughts or feelings in the elderly is a sign of severe depression that should never be taken lightly, especially in men. Of all people with depression, older adult males are most at risk of suicide.

When to see a doctor

If you feel depressed, make an appointment to see your doctor as soon as possible. Symptoms of depression can not improve themselves - and depression can worsen if not treated. Untreated depression can lead to other problems of physical and mental problems in other areas of your life. Feelings of depression can also lead to suicide.

If you are reluctant to seek treatment, talk with a friend or a relative, a doctor or nurse, religious leader or another you trust.

If you have thoughts of suicide

If you or someone you know is suicidal, seek help immediately. Here are some steps you can take:

Contact a family member or friend.

Seek the help of doctors, mental health provider or other healthcare professional.

Causes Of Depression

No one knows exactly what causes depression. As with many mental illnesses, is a variety of factors may be involved. These include:

Biological differences. People with depression appear to have physical changes in the brain. The significance of these changes is still uncertain but may eventually help pinpoint causes.

Neurotransmitters. These natural brain chemical associated with mood is thought to direct the role of depression.

Hormones. Changes in the hormonal balance of the body may be involved in causing or triggering depression. Hormonal changes may be caused by thyroid problems, menopause and a number of other conditions.

Hereditary properties. Depression is more common in people whose biological family members also have the condition. Researchers are trying to find genes that may be involved in causing depression.

Life events. Events such as death or loss of a loved one, financial problems and high stress can trigger depression in some people.

Childhood early trauma. Traumatic events in childhood such as abuse or loss of a parent, can cause permanent changes in the brain that make you more prone to depression.

Depression Overview

DEPRESSION

Depression is a disease that affects the body and mind. Also known as major depression, major depressive disorder and clinical depression, which affects how you feel, think and behave. Depression can lead to a variety of emotional and physical problems. You may find it difficult to do normal daily activities, and depression can make you feel as if life is worth living.

More than just a game of blues, depression is not a weakness or something that can only "come out" of. Depression is a chronic disease that usually requires a long-term treatment, such as diabetes or hypertension. But take heart. Most people with depression feel better with medication, therapy or other treatment.

Prevention Of Dependent Personality Disorder

Treatment Of Dependent Personality Disorder

As is the case with personality disorders, people with DPD generally do not seek treatment for the disease itself. Instead, they can seek treatment when a problem in their life, often resulting from thinking or behavior due to the illness becomes overwhelming, and they are no longer able to cope. People with DPD are prone to develop depression or anxiety and symptoms of these disorders may require the individual to seek help.

Psychotherapy (type of counseling) is the main method of treatment is the DPD. The goal of therapy is to help the person in the DPD become more active and independent, and learn how to forge healthy relationships with others. Short-term treatment of specific objectives is best, because the long-term treatment can lead to addiction therapist. Specific strategies might include assertiveness training to help the person DPD confidence.

The use of drugs could be used to treat people with DPD, which also suffer from depression or anxiety. However, drug therapy should be monitored carefully, because a person can become addicted to drugs or abuse.

Symptoms Of Dependent Personality Disorder

People with DPD to be emotionally dependent on others and make a big effort trying to please others. People with major depressive disorder tend to need, passive behavior and addiction and have a fear of separation. Other common characteristics of this personality disorder are:

Inability to make decisions, even everyday decisions without advice and reassurance of others

Avoidance of personal responsibility, avoiding jobs that require independent functioning and decision-making positions

Fear of abandonment and a sense of devastation or helplessness when relationships end, often move right into another relationship ends when a

Hypersensitivity to criticism

The pessimism and lack of confidence, the belief that they are unable to take care of themselves

Avoid disagreeing with others for fear of losing support or approval

Inability to start projects

Difficulty being alone

Willingness to tolerate mistreatment and abuse by other

Place the needs of their caregivers above their own

They tend to be naive and living in fantasy

Causes Of Dependent Personality Disorder

Although the exact cause of dependent personality disorder is not known, it is most likely involves both biological and development. Some researchers believe that an authoritarian parenting style or patronizing can lead to the development of dependent personality traits in people who are susceptible to this disorder.

Dependent Personality Disorder Overview

Dependent personality disorder (DPD) is a group of conditions is called anxiety disorder, personality disorders, which is marked with the feelings of nervousness and fear. DPD is also characterized by a sense of powerlessness, submission, be careful and constant encouragement, and the inability to make decisions.

DPD is one of the personality disorders most frequently diagnosed. It also seems to occur in men and women and usually appears in early adulthood in the community.

Prevention Of Dehydration

To prevent dehydration, drink plenty of fluids and eat foods rich in water, such as fruits and vegetables. Letting thirst be your guide is sufficient for driving a day for healthy people. Liquids must not only water but also in other beverages and foods. But if you're using, do not wait for thirst to keep your fluids.

Under certain circumstances, may need to take more fluids than usual:

Disease. Begins to give water or oral rehydration solution to one of the first signs of illness - do not wait until dehydration occurs. And while it may seem appealing, traditional "clear fluids" such as ginger ale or other drinks contain too much sugar and too little sodium to replenish lost electrolytes.

Exercise. It is usually best to start hydrating the day before strenuous exercise. Producing lots of clear, dilute urine is a good indication that you are well hydrated. Before exercising, drink cups 1-3 (0.24 to 0.70 liters) of water. During operation, replenish fluids at regular intervals, and continue to drink water or other fluids after you're done.

Remember to drink too much, not only can cause bloating and discomfort, but can lead to a potentially fatal condition in which your blood sodium becomes too low (hyponatremia). This happens when you drink more fluids you lose through sweating.

Environment. You need to drink more water in hot or wet to help lower your body temperature and replace what you lose in sweat. You may also need extra water in cold weather if you sweat while wearing insulated clothing. Heated, indoor air can cause your skin to become dehydrated, increasing your daily fluid needs. And altitudes above 8200 feet (2500 meters) can also affect the amount of water your body needs. If dehydration occurs when you exercise in a hot climate, into a shady area, sit down and start drinking water or a sports drink. Young athletes should be encouraged to let their coaches know if they have symptoms of dehydration.